The atlantic slave trade 1460-1882 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The atlantic slave trade 1460-1882 - Essay Example The Atlantic slave trade took place from the mid-fifteenth to the late nineteenth century (roughly 1460 to 1882). It is estimated that at least 12.5 million Africans were forcefully transported from Africa during the trade. Many more besides died either during initial captivation, transportation or labour usually from diseases, malnutrition or being killed. This makes it one of the biggest mass migrations the world has ever witnessed made worse by the fact that it was not voluntary but forced, that too under harsh and inhumane conditions. The Atlantic slave trade began in the mid-fifteenth century with the Portuguese. What enticed the Portuguese to the west coast of Africa was gold, but as we now know from history, following their arrival this quickly became not the Gold Coast but the Slave Coast of Africa. Initially, slaves were taken in raids, but then the Portuguese took to the idea of bartering. When they established a ‘factory’ on Arguim Island, it is said that they carried away a thousand slaves every year (Rawley, 2005:19). This was the first European trading settlement in West Africa. The Portuguese settlement on Cape Verdes in 1460 was another milestone because these islands â€Å"were to be important in the Atlantic slave trade, both as importers of slaves and as entrepots for traffic to the New World (ibid). In 1482 they founded the great trading post El Mina to organise the slave trade in West and Central Africa for the Atlantic markets. By now, the trade was in the hands of the Portuguese c rown following the death of Prince Henry. At that time, Europe was expanding its empires, and slaves provided a readily available workforce. Moreover, unlike indigenous Europeans, it was found that Africans â€Å"were excellent workers; they often had experience of agriculture and keeping cattle, they were used to a tropical climate, resistant to tropical diseases, and they

Milk parlour Essay Example for Free

Milk parlour Essay With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m., during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m., during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m., during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m., during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m., during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m.as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’ With 150 cows to milk, Fred invested in a ‘carousel’ parlour where cows are milked on a slow-moving turntable. Milking usually lasts from 4. 30 p. m. to 7. 00 p. m. , during which time visitors can view from a purpose-built gallery which has space and explanatory tape recordings, via headphones, for 12 people. Gillian has found that, on average, spectators like to watch for 10 minutes, including five minutes for the explanatory tape. ‘We’re sometimes a bit busy on Saturdays and Sundays and a queue often develops before 4. 00 p. m. as some people want to see the milking and then go home. Unfortunately, neither Fred nor the cows are prepared to start earlier. However, most people are patient and everybody gets their turn to see this bit of high technology. In a busy period, up to 80 people per hour pass through the gallery. ’

What do you understand by the own-price elasticity of demand for a good

What do you understand by the own-price elasticity of demand for a good? 1. (a) What do you understand by the own-price elasticity of demand for a good? (b) Will a linear (straight line) demand curve have a constant own-price elasticity of demand? Explain your answer. (c) Following the terrorists attacks in the USA on 11 September, there was a marked fall in business travel. In respomse, many hotels cut their prices to business travellers; for example the Hyatt Hotel group offered discounts of up to 50 per cent off regular room rates. Under what circumstances would this lead to increased revenue for these hotels? Before we define the meaning of the own-price elasticity for a good we must understand elasticity and its concept in general. Elasticity is basically a comparison between the sizes of change in the quantity demanded, in the case of the own-price elasticity, of a certain good and in the variable that caused this change. According to Mankiwelasticity is a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants. The law of demand implies that an increase in a price of a good will subsequently lead to a fall in the quantity demanded for that good. The formulae which calculates this amount is the division of the percentage of change in quantity demanded by the percentage of change in price. The sign of price elasticity of demand, and elasticity as well, is always going to be negative due to the fact that quantity and price demanded are usually in opposite directions. Elasticity is going to be negative as well since neither the percentage change in price nor the the percentage change in quantity ar... ...sequent repurcusion this had in economy as a whole brought a downfall in business travelling. The hotels in order to manage this crisis effectively reduced their prices and offered discounts in order to increase the quantity of customers visiting them. If we consider the law of demand in this case, hotel reservations should increase in this period as well as the total revenue of the business but this would happen when the price elasticity of demand is elastic. This happens when the percentage change in quantity is larger than the percentage change in price. Concluding, we would easily say that it is assume that the hotels would increase their total revenue with discounts and better prices but this is not always the case. There are other factors influencing customer behaviour after these terrorist attacks that would not be easily predicted or affluenced.

Black Like Me

Enri Duka A. P. United States History Ms. Bellemare, Ms. Loughlin, Mr. Marko 08/09/2012 Analyzation of â€Å"Black Like Me† Catastrophic events are a part of life just like the air that people breathe. Most of these catastrophes occur as a result of nature’s causes such as earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunamis, and etc. Unfortunately they kill millions of people every year. As painful as this is to hear, most people still disregard the amount of people that are killed and massacred every year due to race and religion. It is sad to think that instead of working together to build a better future, humans still fight and have social injustice.Many like to argue this statement seeing how the constitution forbids human inequality in front of the law. As true as this might be, discrimination still exists and is a part in our lives to this day. â€Å"Black Like Me† is a perfect example of this social crime. Unlike many other books, â€Å"Black Like Me†, is written in a n autobiographical memoir instead of a novel. The author, also being the main protagonist, is John Howard Griffin. The book takes place between the years of 1959 and 1960 and is build with chapters according to the different dates that main concepts occur.The reason for this book is to portray the horrors that segregation has to offer. Griffin starts his unbelievable adventure because of the curiosity and sympathy that he feels towards blacks. In order to quench his curiosity, Griffin believes that he has to be black as well and the only way is by undergoing surgery. He first proposes his idea to George Levitan and Adele Jackson, the owner and editor of Sepia magazine and asks them to publish his article. Although passionate and supportive of Griffin they warn him about the dangers that he will face when and after he is a black man.John Howard Griffin goes through a period of internal conflict for he is aware of the dangers imposed on a black man during these years of segregation. A lso, he is afraid for his family because of all the white racists who will try to harm them once they realize that a white man was disguised as a black. However, Griffin decides to follow through with the plan. In the book, he compares the situation of segregation to the years when he was partially blind. Griffin believes that white people are blind for they can not see through the eyes of a black man.John Griffin’s passion and sympathy for the social injustice applied on blacks overcome his fear of danger so he moves to New Orleans and is given medicine so he can turn black. On the process of becoming black, he is very surprised to see how an educated and liberal man such as a doctor could speak so poorly of the black race. As a matter of fact, this theme keeps on reoccurring throughout the whole novel. In a very short period of time he notices the differences between the two races. Instead of eating at a fancy restaurant like the previous day, now he is eating raccoon meat and rice out of a can.The difference between the two races is staggering as well as painful to see for Griffin. Not only is he denied a job by white employers; he is also hit with fruit by a group of white people, denied the right to bring in checks, and is humiliated by bus drivers who do not stop the bus at his destination just because of his color. The most important part of all these tragedies is the fact that even Griffin views himself differently. He begins to despise himself and other blacks for the pains that are being caused to him.Just like the blacks in New Orleans, Mississippi, and Alabama, he feels defeated and hopeless. Fortunately Griffin undergoes some good experiences as a black man. Although he is despised and hated by most whites; he still feels warm from the love and support that black people show for each other. There are even some whites who help him throughout his career as a black man. One of these helpers happens to be a good friend of Griffin and his name i s P. D. East. This person shows love and sympathy towards blacks and offers Griffin to stay as long as he needs.Upon his meeting with East, Griffin finds out that racism is a social problem that is enforced by white leaders such as politicians and lawyers who encourage and feed other white men with hatred toward blacks. Although Griffin is flattered by the courtesy of East, he decides to go to Montgomery. On the way he is unfortunately familiarized to the perspective that white males have towards blacks’ sexuality. He finds out that sexually frustrated white males use black girls for sex and when he is hitchhiking many are curious about his sexuality as well. This goes to the extreme point where one white male tries to convince him to show his penis.Once this long trip ends, Griffin finds himself in Montgomery where black people are more organized and have been influenced by Dr. King to resist the whites passively instead of with violence. Even so, Griffin decides that he has had enough suffering so he stops taking his medicine and turns white again. Again he sees major differences about the way that people look at him. When he is black, he is treated with hatred from white people and sympathy as well as camaraderie from the black community. On the other hand, when he is white, the black community greets him with fear and loathing while whites are extremely friendly.He decides to turn black again seeing how when he’s white he has the easy way out; something that is not available to a black person. Upon deciding, Griffin finds himself in Atlanta. Throughout the story, the readers see the protagonist in different cities in the South and almost every place that he visits is different when it comes to the level of segregation as well as how the black community react to it. In New Orleans, Mobile, and other towns of Alabama and Mississippi people are desperate as well as hopeless and defeated.On the other hand, in Montgomery and Atlanta, blacks are mo re optimistic and the community is filled with strong black leaders. Once Griffin visits all these towns he feels that he has found out enough about social injustice and prejudice against the black community. The third phase of this book focuses more on how John Griffin is treated after he publicizes his article. Once again he is warned about all the dangers as a cause of the release of this article. Once again he is so passionate about what he has done that it outweighs the risk.When the Sepia Magazine publishes the article, many TV stations and news broadcasts invite Griffin for interviews and are very astonished and proud of what he has done. He recieves many letters from many white people and understands the main reason of why so many people are racist in the South. Many white southerners write that they are not actually racists but that they are just afraid of the real racists. For this reason they neglect and tolerate racism. On the other hand, people in Mansfield, the town wh ere he lived, strongly oppose the deeds that Griffin has done so they make threatening calls and plan to assault and castrate him.Nonetheless, Griffin maintains his courage and sympathy. Because of all the hostility in the town, Griffin decides that it would be better if they moved to Mexico. While packing he talks to a black boy and realizes that blacks don’t understand whites just like whites don’t understand blacks. Just like the whites, the blacks have this recent rise of supremacy which is instilled in them by Malcolm X and other black leaders, just like the whites are influenced by politicians. This supremacy from both sides needs to end so we could finally have an equal America according to Griffin.An â€Å"equal America† started after the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were written which is right after the Civil War ended. Although blacks got the rights to escape slavery and be equal under the Constitution when it came to voting and other rights; it sti ll did not stop whites in America to treat them horribly. During the hard times of Reconstruction after the Civil War, the black Americans not only had to fight poverty; they also had to deal with racial segregation or in other words Jim Crow. According to the website, socialsitalternative. rg, the concept of Jim Crow is not only being a piece of legislation. It is considered to be a very well thought out plan by the higher end of society during the times of segregation. This legislation gave the right to the ruling class to make laws about lowering the wages of black workers and to divide the races so black workers could get pitiful wages. It is themes like these that keep on reoccurring in the fascinating book that John Griffin wrote. For example, his doctor, a well-educated and liberal man, had really racist views pertaining the black race.At the same time, we are familiarized with the concept that it is the ruling class such as politicians and lawyers who feed the rest of the pe ople with the hatred about the blacks. If it wasn’t for these influential figures, where would a regular white person get the idea of showing so much hatred toward a person that he does not even know. In one speech, Martin Luther King said: â€Å"The black revolution is much more than a struggle for the rights of Negroes. It is interrelated†¦ racism, poverty, militarism and imperialism. Evils that are deeply rooted in the whole structure of our society. This time period in American history will be remembered for decades because it really shows the injustices that the people that we choose as leaders commit in order to favor their own race. â€Å"Black Like Me† really gets to the main roots of segregation. There is no better way of showing this racial injustice unless you have experienced both sides of the situation. John Griffin gives the readers an opportunity to live on both sides of segregation. It really portrays the horrors of racial injustice and prejudice at its’ best. â€Å"Black Like Me† really grips the themes of American diversity and reform.The black and white race as described in this book are very different from one another and how they view their community, yet very similar at how they view each other. Throughout the book, Griffin noticed the difference between the living conditions and standards of both societies. When he is white, he is able to visit any restaurant, any store, and apply to any job with the optimistic view that they are most likely going to hire him because of his abilities. On the other hand, when he is black he is forced to eat very bad standard food.Although he has the money to buy food, restaurants would not sell it to him. At the same time, although he was well dressed and articulate in his job interviews; white employers would not even consider hiring him because of his skin color. Another enormous difference between the two races was the way that they view their community. In troubled pa rts of the South such as Mississippi and Alabama, Griffin describes the black community as hopeless and defeated. They were this way because the ruling class did not support them in any way. In contrast, they did anything to favor the whites over the blacks.One great example from the book is the lynching of Mack Parker. In the book he is accused of raping a white lady and then is lynched by a mob. Although the FBI found who lynched him, the all white jury decided that the people that did it were not guilty. The same sort of discrimination and segregation was shown against the Irish when they first moved to America because of the potato famine. According to the article â€Å"Prejudices and Discrimination Against Our Irish Ancestors†, Irish immigrants first began moving to the United States around 1847 when the Great Famine hit their country.When moving here they were laughed at and forced to move in little slums where only Irish people lived. Many caught diseases and died. Thi s sort of discrimination is very similar to the one that blacks had to endure for they had to build their own ghettos when they moved to the North for jobs. Another important theme of â€Å"Black Like Me† is that of reform. In order for the blacks to be equal to whites to this day they had to go through civil rights movements which were led by very adored people such as MLK and Malcolm X.The theme of reform is apparent in the book when Griffin goes to cities such as Montgomery and Atlanta. Instead of being hopeless and defeated, people there were optimistic and were opposing nonviolently. In the book it mentions of a time where two black people were sitting in a bus and the driver asks them to move so a white lady could sit there. Non violently the two black people did not move and a white person in the bus got up to hurt them and is stopped by the bus driver and the lady. In other words, the nonviolent resistance was working.American Diversity and Reformation are two major t hemes that the United States has experienced throughout the years. If these two themes did not exist, the United States that we know today would not be the same. In a way historians have always described America as a melting pot of cultures which is a very legitement statement seeing how its’ earliest populations migrated from different parts of Europe whether it was England, France, or Spain. This early migration caused the American Diversity that we know today.Also without all the reforms and wars to protect civil rights, America would no longer be called the land of the free or the place where all dreams come true. â€Å"Black Like Me† is a book that strongly fits both these themes and in a way it even defines them. Works Cited â€Å"The Civil Rights Movement. †Ã‚  The Civil Rights Movement. Socialist Alternative, n. d. Web. 13 Aug. 2012. . Daw, Chad. â€Å"Prejudices and Discrimination Against Our Irish Ancestors. †Ã‚  Yahoo! Contributor Network. N. p . , 19 Mar. 2009. Web. 13 Aug. 2012. . â€Å"The Civil Rights Movement. †Ã‚  Calisphere -. UC Libraries, 2012. Web. 13 Aug. 2012. Black Like Me Enri Duka A. P. United States History Ms. Bellemare, Ms. Loughlin, Mr. Marko 08/09/2012 Analyzation of â€Å"Black Like Me† Catastrophic events are a part of life just like the air that people breathe. Most of these catastrophes occur as a result of nature’s causes such as earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunamis, and etc. Unfortunately they kill millions of people every year. As painful as this is to hear, most people still disregard the amount of people that are killed and massacred every year due to race and religion. It is sad to think that instead of working together to build a better future, humans still fight and have social injustice.Many like to argue this statement seeing how the constitution forbids human inequality in front of the law. As true as this might be, discrimination still exists and is a part in our lives to this day. â€Å"Black Like Me† is a perfect example of this social crime. Unlike many other books, â€Å"Black Like Me†, is written in a n autobiographical memoir instead of a novel. The author, also being the main protagonist, is John Howard Griffin. The book takes place between the years of 1959 and 1960 and is build with chapters according to the different dates that main concepts occur.The reason for this book is to portray the horrors that segregation has to offer. Griffin starts his unbelievable adventure because of the curiosity and sympathy that he feels towards blacks. In order to quench his curiosity, Griffin believes that he has to be black as well and the only way is by undergoing surgery. He first proposes his idea to George Levitan and Adele Jackson, the owner and editor of Sepia magazine and asks them to publish his article. Although passionate and supportive of Griffin they warn him about the dangers that he will face when and after he is a black man.John Howard Griffin goes through a period of internal conflict for he is aware of the dangers imposed on a black man during these years of segregation. A lso, he is afraid for his family because of all the white racists who will try to harm them once they realize that a white man was disguised as a black. However, Griffin decides to follow through with the plan. In the book, he compares the situation of segregation to the years when he was partially blind. Griffin believes that white people are blind for they can not see through the eyes of a black man.John Griffin’s passion and sympathy for the social injustice applied on blacks overcome his fear of danger so he moves to New Orleans and is given medicine so he can turn black. On the process of becoming black, he is very surprised to see how an educated and liberal man such as a doctor could speak so poorly of the black race. As a matter of fact, this theme keeps on reoccurring throughout the whole novel. In a very short period of time he notices the differences between the two races. Instead of eating at a fancy restaurant like the previous day, now he is eating raccoon meat and rice out of a can.The difference between the two races is staggering as well as painful to see for Griffin. Not only is he denied a job by white employers; he is also hit with fruit by a group of white people, denied the right to bring in checks, and is humiliated by bus drivers who do not stop the bus at his destination just because of his color. The most important part of all these tragedies is the fact that even Griffin views himself differently. He begins to despise himself and other blacks for the pains that are being caused to him.Just like the blacks in New Orleans, Mississippi, and Alabama, he feels defeated and hopeless. Fortunately Griffin undergoes some good experiences as a black man. Although he is despised and hated by most whites; he still feels warm from the love and support that black people show for each other. There are even some whites who help him throughout his career as a black man. One of these helpers happens to be a good friend of Griffin and his name i s P. D. East. This person shows love and sympathy towards blacks and offers Griffin to stay as long as he needs.Upon his meeting with East, Griffin finds out that racism is a social problem that is enforced by white leaders such as politicians and lawyers who encourage and feed other white men with hatred toward blacks. Although Griffin is flattered by the courtesy of East, he decides to go to Montgomery. On the way he is unfortunately familiarized to the perspective that white males have towards blacks’ sexuality. He finds out that sexually frustrated white males use black girls for sex and when he is hitchhiking many are curious about his sexuality as well. This goes to the extreme point where one white male tries to convince him to show his penis.Once this long trip ends, Griffin finds himself in Montgomery where black people are more organized and have been influenced by Dr. King to resist the whites passively instead of with violence. Even so, Griffin decides that he has had enough suffering so he stops taking his medicine and turns white again. Again he sees major differences about the way that people look at him. When he is black, he is treated with hatred from white people and sympathy as well as camaraderie from the black community. On the other hand, when he is white, the black community greets him with fear and loathing while whites are extremely friendly.He decides to turn black again seeing how when he’s white he has the easy way out; something that is not available to a black person. Upon deciding, Griffin finds himself in Atlanta. Throughout the story, the readers see the protagonist in different cities in the South and almost every place that he visits is different when it comes to the level of segregation as well as how the black community react to it. In New Orleans, Mobile, and other towns of Alabama and Mississippi people are desperate as well as hopeless and defeated.On the other hand, in Montgomery and Atlanta, blacks are mo re optimistic and the community is filled with strong black leaders. Once Griffin visits all these towns he feels that he has found out enough about social injustice and prejudice against the black community. The third phase of this book focuses more on how John Griffin is treated after he publicizes his article. Once again he is warned about all the dangers as a cause of the release of this article. Once again he is so passionate about what he has done that it outweighs the risk.When the Sepia Magazine publishes the article, many TV stations and news broadcasts invite Griffin for interviews and are very astonished and proud of what he has done. He recieves many letters from many white people and understands the main reason of why so many people are racist in the South. Many white southerners write that they are not actually racists but that they are just afraid of the real racists. For this reason they neglect and tolerate racism. On the other hand, people in Mansfield, the town wh ere he lived, strongly oppose the deeds that Griffin has done so they make threatening calls and plan to assault and castrate him.Nonetheless, Griffin maintains his courage and sympathy. Because of all the hostility in the town, Griffin decides that it would be better if they moved to Mexico. While packing he talks to a black boy and realizes that blacks don’t understand whites just like whites don’t understand blacks. Just like the whites, the blacks have this recent rise of supremacy which is instilled in them by Malcolm X and other black leaders, just like the whites are influenced by politicians. This supremacy from both sides needs to end so we could finally have an equal America according to Griffin.An â€Å"equal America† started after the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were written which is right after the Civil War ended. Although blacks got the rights to escape slavery and be equal under the Constitution when it came to voting and other rights; it sti ll did not stop whites in America to treat them horribly. During the hard times of Reconstruction after the Civil War, the black Americans not only had to fight poverty; they also had to deal with racial segregation or in other words Jim Crow. According to the website, socialsitalternative. rg, the concept of Jim Crow is not only being a piece of legislation. It is considered to be a very well thought out plan by the higher end of society during the times of segregation. This legislation gave the right to the ruling class to make laws about lowering the wages of black workers and to divide the races so black workers could get pitiful wages. It is themes like these that keep on reoccurring in the fascinating book that John Griffin wrote. For example, his doctor, a well-educated and liberal man, had really racist views pertaining the black race.At the same time, we are familiarized with the concept that it is the ruling class such as politicians and lawyers who feed the rest of the pe ople with the hatred about the blacks. If it wasn’t for these influential figures, where would a regular white person get the idea of showing so much hatred toward a person that he does not even know. In one speech, Martin Luther King said: â€Å"The black revolution is much more than a struggle for the rights of Negroes. It is interrelated†¦ racism, poverty, militarism and imperialism. Evils that are deeply rooted in the whole structure of our society. This time period in American history will be remembered for decades because it really shows the injustices that the people that we choose as leaders commit in order to favor their own race. â€Å"Black Like Me† really gets to the main roots of segregation. There is no better way of showing this racial injustice unless you have experienced both sides of the situation. John Griffin gives the readers an opportunity to live on both sides of segregation. It really portrays the horrors of racial injustice and prejudice at its’ best. â€Å"Black Like Me† really grips the themes of American diversity and reform.The black and white race as described in this book are very different from one another and how they view their community, yet very similar at how they view each other. Throughout the book, Griffin noticed the difference between the living conditions and standards of both societies. When he is white, he is able to visit any restaurant, any store, and apply to any job with the optimistic view that they are most likely going to hire him because of his abilities. On the other hand, when he is black he is forced to eat very bad standard food.Although he has the money to buy food, restaurants would not sell it to him. At the same time, although he was well dressed and articulate in his job interviews; white employers would not even consider hiring him because of his skin color. Another enormous difference between the two races was the way that they view their community. In troubled pa rts of the South such as Mississippi and Alabama, Griffin describes the black community as hopeless and defeated. They were this way because the ruling class did not support them in any way. In contrast, they did anything to favor the whites over the blacks.One great example from the book is the lynching of Mack Parker. In the book he is accused of raping a white lady and then is lynched by a mob. Although the FBI found who lynched him, the all white jury decided that the people that did it were not guilty. The same sort of discrimination and segregation was shown against the Irish when they first moved to America because of the potato famine. According to the article â€Å"Prejudices and Discrimination Against Our Irish Ancestors†, Irish immigrants first began moving to the United States around 1847 when the Great Famine hit their country.When moving here they were laughed at and forced to move in little slums where only Irish people lived. Many caught diseases and died. Thi s sort of discrimination is very similar to the one that blacks had to endure for they had to build their own ghettos when they moved to the North for jobs. Another important theme of â€Å"Black Like Me† is that of reform. In order for the blacks to be equal to whites to this day they had to go through civil rights movements which were led by very adored people such as MLK and Malcolm X.The theme of reform is apparent in the book when Griffin goes to cities such as Montgomery and Atlanta. Instead of being hopeless and defeated, people there were optimistic and were opposing nonviolently. In the book it mentions of a time where two black people were sitting in a bus and the driver asks them to move so a white lady could sit there. Non violently the two black people did not move and a white person in the bus got up to hurt them and is stopped by the bus driver and the lady. In other words, the nonviolent resistance was working.American Diversity and Reformation are two major t hemes that the United States has experienced throughout the years. If these two themes did not exist, the United States that we know today would not be the same. In a way historians have always described America as a melting pot of cultures which is a very legitement statement seeing how its’ earliest populations migrated from different parts of Europe whether it was England, France, or Spain. This early migration caused the American Diversity that we know today.Also without all the reforms and wars to protect civil rights, America would no longer be called the land of the free or the place where all dreams come true. â€Å"Black Like Me† is a book that strongly fits both these themes and in a way it even defines them. Works Cited â€Å"The Civil Rights Movement. †Ã‚  The Civil Rights Movement. Socialist Alternative, n. d. Web. 13 Aug. 2012. . Daw, Chad. â€Å"Prejudices and Discrimination Against Our Irish Ancestors. †Ã‚  Yahoo! Contributor Network. N. p . , 19 Mar. 2009. Web. 13 Aug. 2012. . â€Å"The Civil Rights Movement. †Ã‚  Calisphere -. UC Libraries, 2012. Web. 13 Aug. 2012.

Jrotc Mission Essay

That’s why is to motivate young people to be better citizens. And it also teaches you mapping Skills at first I was thinking why I’m learning these but you well some point In your life. Also It Gives you more respectable as you rank up In doing that you In toured well be looking for you to set up In take charge. As you get promoted it’s not because of your teacher it’s because you Work hard and you showed that you earned it. In you showed great leadership skills. Another Reason Is Jot wants you to seek self-improvement out yourself it’s not just another class you Just take but you are becoming a part of a family. By being a part of these program it also Teaches you to be responsibility and to take responsibity for your actions. Then every cadet has To take a physical fitness test it Is required. You may say to yourself that I can do It or I’m not Going to do well. But that’s why Jrotc mission Is to motivate young people to be better citizens. The Key word is motivate by having your ins tours there in your friends In other cadets there You won’t even think about can’t do It that would be the last think on your mind. It as well Teaches your deplane skills you may think I don’t like people yelling at me but there not yelling. They Just helping you by bring out the best In you. In By doing all these things you be able to Teach the next class of cadets behind you. That’s how Jrotc builds character

Social Identities

Music and the Construction of Personal/Social Identities Introduction Music is seen an essential communication channel. It offers a means through which individuals and groups can share their aims, values and emotions even though the spoken languages might be mutually incomprehensible. Music further provides dynamic links for human interactions, particularly individuals whose distinctive wants make other communication means rather difficult or demanding.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Music and the Construction of Personal/Social Identities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nowadays, music plays a more significant role in shaping individuals lives as compared to any other historical period. This can be attributed to the rapid technological advancements and increasing economic influence of the music industry. Despite the relative difference between the current and the past music experience, it is clear that music has increasingly been used in the construction of the youthsâ €™ identities. This paper presents an overview of the studies that have supported the increasing knowledge and appreciation of the role of music in constructing the youth identities. The process does not simply involve aspects of personal identity, but equally includes the essential social aspects relating to ethnicity and race, family such as peers versus parents, school, status and gender. Structural cultural context Youth encounter a series of indulgence desires and essential social world thoughts in their development. The orientation spheres shape the way young people use media, particularly music (Eyerman and Jamison 466). Four dimensions that have been identified to be of a great essence in shaping youth identities include ethnicity and race, family (peers versus parents), school and status as well as gender and sexuality. Ethnicity and race While music such as Blues and Jazz have been associated with the black musicians for quite some time, the connection between ethnicit y and audience of the popular music which was common in the U.S. did not emerge in Europe till 1970s. Besides, Ska and soul music emerged in the 1960s and 1970s yet they did not construct the youths’ identity so much. However, the triumph of reggae music in the 1970s showed that there were ethnically non-European subcultures that used music to reinforce their identities. Reggae music was deeply immersed with Rastafarian inspirations since it was a remonstration music intended to draw attention of the youthful blacks who came from the remote cities.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though Rasta was commonly found in some European cities, the Rastafarian movement unveiled its most noticeable existence in Britain. It was the most undisputed socially significant development in Britain because it served its purpose as an important source of identity for the margi nalized youthful blacks (Danesi 67). Thus, youthful blacks use reggae music to identify and distinguish themselves from any kind of the whites’ racialism. However, few exceptions have been noted regarding the use of music by the marginalized youth. For instance, youths have used music to set the ethnic and race boundaries. A clear illustration is in Western Europe where it is very complicated to question the cultural and ideological youths’ association in different ethnicities. The use of music by the marginalized ethnic groups is absolutely too patchy. It is only obvious that mediated popular cultures and media discourses play considerable roles in modeling the manner in which the ethnically based groups observe each other. While music might assist in dissolving ethnic boundaries, it may occasionally strengthen and even help in shaping them (Eyerman and Jamison 452). Youths from different ethnic environments, thus, resort to music to create their own ethnic and cultur al identities. Family: Peers versus parents Social recognition in peer groups is an interesting concern during youth (Von Feilitzen and Roe 227). Social organizations including school and family put much emphasis on the importance of being successful. In such institutions, welcomed group participation, acceptance or membership might refer to school groups, peers, family, ethnic subcultures or to the wider social class world. Achievement might also take place within one of such social grounds. Unfortunately, most of the visible forms of validating social achievements including success at schools, perhaps, have petite potential to generate the peers’ popularity as compared to music. In fact, the impact of music on peer group relationships significantly affects various aspects of youthful life. Imitation of speech, consumption tastes, leisure forms and dressing codes of the music idols by the youth has generated peer influence and resulted in frictions with parents. Furthermore, as peer orientation, school failures and poor familial adjustment increase, peer group attachments increases. Early and considerable movements away from parental orientations towards peer group orientations seem to have a strong connection with musical preferences, interests and identification with particular music centered subgroups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Music and the Construction of Personal/Social Identities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Youths who are parent oriented are less likely to develop musical interests and might less often listen to it. However, peer oriented youths tend to display greater musical interests and would extensively listen to it. This kind of music listened by these groups differ significantly (Eyerman and Jamison 459). Peer oriented youths prefer listening to more socially disvalued and hard rock music whereas parent oriented youths give much preference to classical, jazz an d blues. Finally, research evidence clearly indicates that family problems might provoke youths to make even greater music and peer-group investments than normal at this particular life-stage. This could make youths get indulged into music movements founded by youth cultures that are blatantly anti-adults. As regard to this, it is apparent that the chosen youth subcultures and their preferred music offer marginalized identity sources to those tendered by home contexts. School and status Von Feilitzen and Roe claim that youths sharing same statuses and education level have their own musical subcultures and cultural orientation developments (p. 227). Youth cultures that identify themselves and are strongly attached to certain types of music including heavy metal rock tend to negatively perform in school. Such youths are low achievers and are very discontented male youth who come from low working class and powerless families. However, certain musical preferences including blues, jazz a nd classical music are linked to higher academic success. In contrast to them, rock music is essential to youths who have rejected their class background cultures as it provides them with social markers which differentiate from their parental expectations and culture. This is because the intergenerational power and mobility status which occur within the larger inequality status context are normally upheld with distinctive shifts in individuals’ lifestyles, self-esteem and identity.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To youths, music also defines various types of social mobility including education, occupation, downwards and upward status mobility. The class mobility is linked with some kinds of musical preferences which differ with respect to cultural legitimacy. The music audience divisions result from individual and group trajectories within various social status hierarchical dimensions. For example, strong inclination to disco music is linked to upward professional mobility; strong classical music liking is associated with higher education and upward mobility, but those who give much preference to heavy metals are identified by downward educational mobility (Eyerman and Jamison 461). Therefore, youths identifying themselves with heavy metal music are perceived to be dynamic sensational seekers expressing their schooling displeasures since they find the regulation and structure of such institutions very hard to take. Gender and sexuality Youthful males are greatly preoccupied with musical pre ferences and tastes as compared to females. Often, youths in puberty are more anxious about the popular music that crops up during this period (Danesi 98) and would always wish to take an equal amount of time to listen to the preferred music. However, since females mature two years faster than males, they usually start listening to music at around nine and ten years while males identify and begin giving preference to music at twelve and thirteen years. Both sexes always listen to popular music having their central themes focused on dating and love. The youthful girls, nonetheless, have special strings attached to pop music whereas youthful males are exclusively linked to assertive masculinity and rock music (Danesi 98). The relationship amid sexuality and music has been significant. Male youths have been identified with dominant musical subcultures and more visible social mechanisms than females who majorly focus on less visible social mechanisms and less dominant musical subculture s. It is true that with respect to music and identity, both sexes are more inclined to romantic and sexually expressive music. Conclusion Music has played an important role in the construction of youths’ identities. Youth gender schemas including their self-definitions as either feminine or masculine emerge from the core musical constructs they draw on when defining themselves. Moreover, countless new musical information being received by the youths concerning individuals and their behaviors are primarily coded and thereafter inferred to with respect to gender norms and class. This makes youths identify themselves with certain musical subcultures. Besides, youths usually utilize music as a technique to develop and negotiate their interpersonal relations as depicted in the class and status dimensions. An individual’s musical preference clearly defines the social group a person belongs to or is not willing to be associated with. Thus, when youths develop specific musical preferences and taste patterns, it must be clear that the patterns are linked to a particular social circumstance or subcultural identification. Danesi, Marcel. Geeks, Goths and Gangstas: Youth Culture and the Evolution of Modern Society, Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press Inc., 2010. Print. Eyerman, Ron and Jamison Andrew. â€Å"Social Movements and Cultural Transformation: Popular Music in the 1960a†. Media, Culture and Society 17.3(1995): 449-468. Print. Von Feilitzen, Cecilia and Roe Keith. Eavesdropping on Adolescence: An Exploratory Study of Music Listening Among Children†. The European Journal of Communication 17.2 (1992): 225-244. Print.

The Social History of the Birth Control Pill

The Social History of the Birth Control Pill Free Online Research Papers Throughout history, women’s lacked essential freedoms due to their obligation to maintain the home and bear children. Women were raised to be modest and asexual until marriage. During marriage, women still had to be modest, but they were encouraged to be very sexual beings with their husbands to reproduce. However, the act of bearing and raising children consumed women’s lives. Women were required to stay in the home and be good, maternal beings. It was only until the invention of the birth control pill that women were able to truly take some control over their bodies and livelihood. The duty of bearing children came with many consequences. The actual act of bearing children was dangerous. Multiple pregnancies took a health toll on a woman’s body and the field of obstetrics was new in medical research. Raising multiple children was also economically inconvenient, especially to the working class. Even when a second income was necessary in a household, women had no time to enter the work force as they were too busy being mothers. Clearly, women were restricted to this one societal role. The concept of birth control was not new. Women had been trying many ways to prevent pregnancy. Many of the beliefs to prevent pregnancy were folklore. For example, one of the popular ways of preventing pregnancy was throwing an ear of corn into the river. If a woman threw an ear of corn into a river, she thought she was protected from pregnancy for the entire month (Crawford and Unger 147). The concept of birth control intrigued many women, especially those looking to spread their horizons outside of persistent motherhood. The campaigning for birth control quickly became a popular feminist movement. The Comstact Act of 1873 hindered the birth control movement in the United States. The Comstock Act became federal law that made it illegal to send any obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious materials through the mail including pornography, contraceptive devices, or information about contraception and abortion (Gordon 23). Without any access to birth control, or better yet the knowledge of it, women lacked the freedom to reproductive choice. Anthony Comstock was the early force behind restrictions on birth control. He was a devout Christian who believed that the majority of American society was becoming licentious due to the contraceptive industry. Comstock headed for Washington in 1872 to further his cause. In 1873, Congress passed the Comstock Act, which was aimed at stopping trade in obscene literature and immoral articles. It also targeted information on birth control devices, sexually transmitted diseases, human sexuality, and abortion (Gordon 24). In a 1915 article, Margaret Sanger refers to the Comstock Law saying, There is nothing which causes so much laughter or calls forth so many joking comments by people in Europe as Comstockery in America (Kennedy 13). She challenged the law in 1916 by opening up the first birth control clinic in America and in 1936 she helped bring the case of United States v. One Package to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals (Kennedy 21). That decision allowed physicians to legally mail birth control devices and information throughout the country. Finally, in 1965, the Supreme Court case of Griswold v. Connecticut overturned the Comstock Law, ruling that the private use of contraceptives was a constitutional right (Kennedy 23). In America, it is commonly known that before World War I, society had the perception that woman’s primary function was to bear and raise children. Preparation for motherhood and marriage began shortly after a girl’s birth. Throughout a girl’s life, cleaning house and caring for children were the only skills that were taught to her. Women had no option to develop their individuality. Their status was identified with their husband’s status as â€Å"women were nothing more than property† (Crawford and Unger 101). The female role was a housewife and a mother, belonging to her husband. During World War I, women had to fend for themselves and their families without their husbands or fathers. During WWI some of the roles of women changed because they had to enter the work force to cover for the men off at war. However, by the 1930’s, the status of women in North America regressed. Men retook their jobs after WWI even though women finally maintained suffrage in 1920. By the Great Depression, because of the overwhelming rate of unemployment due to the depression, women were laid off before men (McCann 57). Many women ended up back in the home assuming traditional roles and regressing to their original status before WWI. Again, during World War II, women were once again thrown into the workforce. This was the beginning of the change in status and roles for women. However, women’s maternal roles were still continuing to hinder their equal entrance into the workforce with men. This provoked serious dedication to find a way to control pregnancy and motherhood. During this time, President Theodore Roosevelt shared a belief, held by the majority of politicians at the time, that families of America should act as servants of the state and should provide children to build national strength (McCann 50). This feeling in America was at the time when the industrialization was at its peak in the US and beginning to take hold else where in the world. Contraception was considered an ethical issue in that the majority of Americans believed it was a form of abortion and therefore immoral and was still enforced by the Comstock Laws. Gregory Pincus was an American physician, biologist, and researcher during the 20th Century. Early in his career he began studying hormonal biology and steroidal hormones, but his first breakthrough came in 1934 when was able to produce in vitro fertilization in rabbits (Kennedy 55). In 1953, Margaret Sanger and Katherine McCormick confronted Pincus with the idea of creating an oral contraceptive. He sought out Searle, a pharmaceutical company, about funding for their plan (58). Searles initial reaction was no because it jeopardized his company due to the austere birth control laws. Despite the fact that Searle had no intention of creating an oral contraceptive, Frank Colton, a chemist at the company, accidentally developed a type of one. Pincus was allowed to have samples of the drug for his research (60). In 1957 The Pill was released as a treatment for gynecological disorders. Finally, in 1960, it became FDA approved and by 1963, 1.2 million women were using it (62). Although Sear le was originally reluctant to fund research for an oral contraceptive, he soon reaped the rewards of the newly invented Pill, and monopolized the industry for a short time (63). Margaret Sanger watched her mother die at an early age, which was partly due to the stress of bearing eleven children. After her mothers death she worked as a nurse in New York City and saw many women die from childbirth and self-induced abortion. The horrors that she witnessed there caused her to devote much of her time to promoting birth control for women. She set up the first clinic in 1916 and founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 (Kennedy 12). She had always envisioned a birth control pill that would be much easier to use than the diaphragm. In 1950, she met up with Gregory Pincus, who researched her idea, and with Katherine McCormick, who funded it. Her exhaustive efforts paid off in 1960 when The Pill was finally approved and sold on the market. Katherine McCormick was born in 1875 to a wealthy Chicago family. Unlike many women of her time, she was granted the opportunity of attending college, but despite her education she married Stanley McCormick in 1904. However, two years after their marriage he developed schizophrenia and her life was greatly altered. She soon turned her focus to promoting the cause of womens suffrage. In 1917, McCormick met Margaret Sanger in Boston and they frequently kept in touch. During this time McCormick was devoted to researching schizophrenia while Margaret Sanger was adamant about pursuing the area of birth control. In 1947, McCormicks husband died and she was the heir to his $15 million fortune. She now decided to turn her attention to the birth control movement and joined forces with Sanger. With her astounding wealth, McCormick financed the majority of research and development of The Pill. Margaret Sanger dreamt of the idea of a birth control pill since she was a young woman. If she wasnt confined to the boundaries of her time, her and McCormick couldve researched and funded The Pill without the help of any male doctors or scientists. Unfortunately, the society that they lived in would not allow them to do so; they did go as far as they could. Many of their achievements go unnoticed, but both women were really the leading forces behind the development of The Pill. Margaret Sanger died in 1966 and Katherine McCormick in 1967, but fortunately, both lived to see their dream be fulfilled. Birth control appeared to be increasing isolation and mobility of the individual family (Birth Control in America). It allowed women to control the size of their family, and therefore taking control over their lives as well. Fewer children meant less work, more money, and more time for women. With the birth control movement, the family was reshaped in size from seven or eight children to what is more common today, two to three children. Perhaps this is because there were huge advancements for women that could come out of the use of birth control. However, only two issues were thought of in earnest during the period of the sexual revolution.† Margaret Sanger, who led the birth control movement and coined the term â€Å"birth control,† had said that â€Å"birth control is the first important step [a woman] must take towards the goal of[becoming] a man’s equal(Sanger B 1). Women no longer had to conform to the stereotypical name of mother and wife. This was great news for woman across the country, but it was threatening to most men. When sexual intercourse became shared and pregnancy became an option, the attitude shifted from child bearing to child rearing (Birth control in America). The second major issue to arise form birth control was the sense of independence that had entered the realm of feminism thanks to the option women now had to gain control of their own bodies. Women no longer had to enhance the masculine spirits but to express the feminine; the woman is not to preserve a man-made want but to create a human world by the fusion of the feminine element into all of its activities (Sanger A 36). The growing individualism of woman and the gathering support for the feminist cause can almost always be linked to the new power women had found at their fingertips with birth control. A promotion of the feminine spirit as a person and not as a servant to her husband could be seen in all of Sangers writings on why the practice of birth control was â€Å"so important in creating higher individuality† for women (Sanger B 3). Another important point which developed from the spread of knowledge and use of birth control was that it gave women the ability to pursue careers without having to go straight into motherhood. A woman could be sexually active and not worry about losing her job because of unplanned pregnancy. This also helped promote women in the workforce as the concept of birth control guaranteed a woman’s dedication to her job. It is true that birth control may not have been the sole factor in the womens movement and freedom of self, but without this key element the struggle would have been longer and harder. Birth control changed family size and structure. It gave women a new sexual freedom with their own body. It gave women a voice and their own identity, which in turn allowed them to have an identity that separates from their spouses. Birth control helped shift slightly the balance of power from only being masculine to shared between the sexes. The popularity of the birth control pill and this feminist movement has made a major impact on the difference of the roles and lifestyles of women. Today there are many women choosing to stay dedicated to their careers and decide when and if they want to have children. There is also less of a social stigma towards childless women because of birth control. WORKS CITED Crawford, Mary, and Rhoda Unger. Women and Gender: A Feminist Psychology. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Gordon, Linda. The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Practices in America. New York: Grossman Publishers, 1976. Kennedy, David M. Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. McCann, Carole R. Birth Control Politics in the United States: 1916 – 1945. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994. Schulz, Amy J., and Leith Mullings. Gender, Race, Class, Health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006. Research Papers on The Social History of the Birth Control PillPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Fifth Horseman19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Definitions, Examples, and Discussions of English Grammar

Definitions, Examples, and Discussions of English Grammar The word grammar  comes from Greek, meaning craft of letters, which is an apt description. In any language, grammar is: the systematic study and description of a language. (Compare with usage.)a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures (morphology) of a language.   Without grammar, a language wouldnt work, because people couldnt communicate effectively. The speakers and the listeners of any exchange need to both function in the same system in order to understand each other. The grammar of a language includes basic axioms such as the existence of tenses of verbs, articles and adjectives and their proper order, how questions are phrased, and more. We Learn Grammar From Birth Author  David Crystal tells us in The Fight for English that  grammar  is the study of all the contrasts of meaning that it is possible to make within sentences. The rules of grammar tell us how. By one count, there are some 3,500 such rules in English (Oxford University Press, 2006). Intimidating, to be sure, but native speakers dont have to worry about studying them all. Grammar, in fact, its actually something thats begun being learned by every person in their first days and weeks of life, through interaction with others.  All native speakers when theyre born and start learning it as they hear it spoken around them, such as how sentences are put together (syntax), and the pieces that make them up (morphology). A preschoolers tacit knowledge of  grammar  is more sophisticated than the thickest style manual, writes  Steven Pinker in Words and Rules. [Grammar should not] be confused with the guidelines for how one ought to speak (Harper, 1999). Uses of Grammar Understanding the basics of grammar is needed to make us proficient speakers and writers, of course. As Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson write in An Introduction to English Grammar: There are several applications of grammatical study: (1) A recognition of grammatical structures is often essential for punctuation; (2) A study of ones native grammar is helpful when one studies the grammar of a foreign language; (3) A knowledge of grammar is a help in the interpretation of literary as well as nonliterary texts, since the interpretation of a passage sometimes depends crucially on grammatical analysis; (4) A study of the grammatical resources of English is useful in composition: in particular, it can help you to evaluate the choices available to you when you come to revise an earlier written draft. (2nd ed. Pearson, 2002) Study  beyond the basics increases our skills, and the ability to communicate clearly and effectively is necessary in any profession where theres interaction with other human beings, whether youre giving or receiving directions with other employees, discussing goals of your company on a particular project, or creating marketing materials for a nonprofit- the ability to properly communicate matters. Even if you dont know all the lexicographical terms and pedantic nit-picks involved in the study of grammar, take it from Joan Didion: What I know about  grammar  is its infinite power. To shift the structure of a sentence alters the meaning of that sentence. Types of Grammar Whereas students of English mainly have to deal with just the nuts-and-bolts prescriptive,  traditional  type of grammar, such as making sure verbs and subjects agree and where to put commas, linguists have many more types to examine different aspects of the language, from how different languages compare to each other (comparative grammar) or use grammatical parts (descriptive  grammar) to how the words and their usage interact to create meaning (lexicogrammar). They study how people acquire language and debate whether every child is born with a concept of universal grammar. Teachers instructing English language learners follow a method of  pedagogical grammar  for their students. Other areas of study for linguists include:   Case grammarCognitive grammarConstruction grammarGenerative grammarLexical-functional grammar (LFG)Mental grammarTheoretical grammarTransformational grammar

Critical Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Assessment - Essay Example From an engineer who is deeply worried about climate change, it is easy to judge that such as from this article will never take place and feeding our atmosphere with sulfuric acid is way off the scale of "achievable" to be a fraction of a significant discourse on reversing or slowing even climate change. Someone would anticipate for much better writing than this in an article written by three professors from Cambridge Center, Carnegie Mellon University and Harvard University. I could not help but marvel whether this article was hurriedly brought to press in response to a number of the references in the article such as Barker et al. (2007), Blackstock et al. (2009), Robock (2008), Royal Society (2009), and Nordhaus (2008), which were all significant publications concerning this topic of climate change. All this books which the article referenced gave revealing arguments against climate engineering/geoengineering and the authors made them clearly, movingly, persuasively, and without ty pos, unlike McClellan, Keith & Apt (2012). This article fails to make the point that a majority of geoengineerings vocal supporters only have a financial concern in the field. There is tons of cash to be made in this field if the idea of geoengineering finally takes off. McClellan, Keith & Apt (2012) fail to acknowledge they indeed do have such a financial concern in a firm working on eliminating carbon dioxide from the environment, but then they brush that aside through saying their financial concern is not in solar-radiation managing, which is the center of this article. I would opt to read a thoughtful article by any scholar with no financial concern in climate engineering in any way. The authors are obviously charmed with the lost cost, easiness of tunability and implementation of SRM. However, there is modest discussion of the diverse

The Color Purple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Color Purple - Essay Example The story revolves round the protagonist Celie, a fourteen years old black girl, who is victim of the sexual assaults of her stepfather. The stepfather, not only rapes her continuously, but also impregnates her twice illegitimately. Celie is also rebuked and tortured by the obnoxious Alphonso, who does never have mercy towards the innocent little girl. Since she is unable to resist to the cruel and atrocious behavior of her stepfather, she writes letters to God out of the feelings of sheer disappointment and despair. Hence, she maintains unabated belief in the existence of the Supreme Being, Who would remove all her miseries one day. Thus, the elements of Christian religious belief sway throughout the book that consists of letters to God carrying prayers for the protagonist’s safety from the cruelties society committed on the weak stratum. She also looks nagging in her letter on the sad demise of her mother, which has deprived her of the affection and protection of a shelterin g tree in the person of the mother. She also makes complains through her writing to the Lord regarding the loss of her daughter and then son, both of which are snatched away from her lap as soon as she gives birth to them. Since the children are the product of her illicit relationship or rape by her stepfather, who gets the infant children lost in order to conceal his heinous crime he has been committing against her innocent stepdaughter. The little girl’s mourning and cries fill the hearts of the readers with gloominess. The author, in a highly moving though morbid way narrates the torture and battering Alphonso inflicted upon Celie. However, Celie’s unabated belief in the Lord does not waver altogether. On the contrary, her faith observes tremendous boost while her addressing the Lord through her innocent writing. help. Her letters further make complains from the Lord on getting married to the immodest and dissipated Mr.___. Although Mr. ___ had asked for the hand of Celie’s younger sister Nettie, yet Alphonso preferred to hand over comparatively â€Å"the ugly† Celie to the sweet and charming Nettie. Since she is unable to get rescued from the cruelties of Alphonso and then Mr. ___, her belief about God as a white male strengthens. Consequently, she starts believing that the deity belonging to male stratum as well as white racial group would not protect an ordinary, poor and helpless black girl at any cost. Thus, sense of alienation appears in the mind of the black girl. The elements of racial discrimination are also evident in the letters Celie writes to God, which are actually the reflection of the sentiments of

Illusion of Beauty Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Illusion of Beauty - Movie Review Example This drama film is the representation of all those problems which are significantly associated with the American Dream, especially for the middle economic class. It is a remarkable portrayal of tensions in the life of middle class men in order to thrive for better living. There is another sufficient illumination which is efficiently presented by Medes through his direction. This issue is related to the difference is between the conventional conception of beauty in concordance with the American Dream and the real concept of beauty which leads an individual towards happiness rather than mere pleasure. This paper is focused on describing the myth of beauty in the conventional concept which can lead to the illusion of happiness; however, it is a disturbing shift from happiness to misery. This will be described by the analysis of the last scene of Lester in this film in terms of cinematography and mise-en-scene. Description The scene begins in the kitchen where Angela and Lester are in a conversation right after Angela eats something. After some general dialogues about food and unusual incident occurred between them, Lester asks Angela about his daughter Jane. He asks that how is she? Is she happy or miserable? On which Angela replies that Jane is satisfied, and she is in love with Ricky. Lester acts in a calm manner and this answer of Angela brings a smile on his face. This is followed by Angela’s question as she asks Lester about how is he? Lester gently tells Angela that he has not being asked any of such questions regarding his self for a long time. He further tells Angela after a significant pause that he is high. Angela excuses for going to the bathroom and leaves (Spacey, Bening and Birch 01:48:58-01:51:47). The scene continues with Lester in the frame, and he smiles again and repeats that he is high. After repeating his dialogue, he smiles and looks to the left side. Lester moves towards left as the shot cuts and a larger frame covers Lester’s motion towards the photo. Lester picks that photo frame in his hands and starts to look at it while walking towards the dining table, and he sits on a chair (Spacey, Bening and Birch 01:48:58-01:51:47). Lester keeps on staring at the photo ahead of which a flower vase is placed with red roses in it. The short cuts and shifts towards the photo in which Lester and Carolyn (Lester’s wife) and preadolescent Jane are present. In the photo, the whole family seems to be happy. The shot shifts in 180 degree camera angle, framing Lester’s face and he delivers his dialogues. He says, â€Å"Man o man† and the shot shifts towards the left shoulder framing his face in a wide angle from the left shoulder (Spacey, Bening and Birch 01:48:58-01:51:47). He repeats his dialogue and a nozzle of a gun comes into the frame from the right side. The scene follows as the camera pans towards the left side covering the photo and the vase with the red roses in motion. The camera stops on t he white wall opposite to Lester's direction, and the sound of a gunshot takes place with Lester’s blood sprayed on the wall. The scene ends on the wall on which Lester’s blood drops down in a downwards flow (Spacey, Bening and Birch 01:48:58-01:51:47). Cinematography This scene of the American drama film American Beauty, which has been described in the previous heading, is one of the most significant scenes of the film. In